Genetically engineered bacteria can clean up messes such as oil spills. Microorganisms normally break down organic wastes and cycle materials. Some can be engineered to break down pollutants or to take up larger amounts of harmful materials. They can break down oil, and sponge up heavy metals.
Recombinant DNA technology also allows researchers to investigate basic genetic processes, reconstruct life's evolutionary history, and devise counterattacks against rapidly mutating pathogens.