Ok, that's enough chemistry for now. In this lecture we will focus on the structure and characteristics of the cell which is the smallest unit having the properties of life.

THE CELL THEORY

In most cases, individual cells are so small that they cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. Although the first microscopes to be developed were very crude by today's standards, they allowed people to make some amazing new discoveries. For example, Galileo saw details of insect eyes with two crude lenses in a tube. Robert Hooke used simple lenses to observe cork in which he saw tiny compartments he called cellulae. van Leeuwenhoek was able to see protistans, sperm, even bacteria.

The observations of the early microscopists led to the formulation of the Cell Theory. Schleiden and Schwann believed that animals as well as plants consisted of cells. Virchow said that all cells come from preexisting cells.

The cell theory has three generalizations:

  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life.
  3. The continuity of life arises directly from the growth and division of single cells.

When I was a student, I spent hundreds of hours in laboratory classes. Each biology course had at least one 3 hour lab a week, and most had 2 labs per week. Much of this time was spent looking at things through microscopes. It seems that today, students often feel they "have" to take a lab rather than they "get" to take a lab. On the Web, there are virtual microscopes that let you get a feel for what it is like to look through a microscope without ever having to go to a biology lab.

First let's look at this animation (Audio - Important) that describes how a microscope works.

Now try out the virtual microscope at the University of Delaware: Virtual Microscope (Audio - Important), by taking the tour. On the upper right, there are four specimen slides to choose from. I suggest looking at the second one from the top, the onion root tip. The small black boxes you will see under the microscope are individual cells in the root of an onion. The purple area within each box is the nucleus of the cell. At the highest magnification, you are looking at chromosomes which are composed of chains of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

The development of first the electron microscope, and later the scanning electron microscope (SEM) allowed scientists to see specimens in incredible detail.

REVIEW: One portion of the cell theory states that

REVIEW: Four of the five answers listed below are portions of a well-known theory. Select the exception.
a. Cells are the structural and functional components of living things.
b. Cells arise from preexisting cells.
c. All organisms are composed of cells.
d. Cells are the basic living unit or organization of living things.
e. All cells have a nucleus.

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