Instructions:
Put your name and student ID number on both the test and
the scantron.
On your scantron, bubble in your student ID number. Bubble in the test
version.
Only use pencil (spare ones up front). Erase stray marks fully. No stray marks
in the row of black lines.
On your scantron, identify the letter of the choice that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
If you think there is an error on the test,
make a note on your test (not the scantron) and tell the instructor on the way out.
Double
check your scantron for "double bubbles" or missing answers. There is no penalty for
guessing.
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1.
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The second law of thermodynamics states that
a. | energy can be transformed into matter and, because of this, we can get something for
nothing. | b. | energy can only be destroyed during nuclear reactions, such as those that occur
inside the sun. | c. | if energy is gained by one region of the universe, another place in the universe also
must gain energy in order to maintain the balance of nature. | d. | energy tends to
become increasingly more disorganized. | e. | none of these |
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2.
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When molecules are broken apart in respiration
a. | the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions. | b. | the oxygen in the
compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source. | c. | the energy released
in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP. | d. | ATP is converted into ADP. | e. | ADP is released as a
waste product. |
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3.
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The chemical processes in the living cell are collectively called
a. | adaptation. | b. | homeostasis. | c. | evolution. | d. | respiration. | e. | metabolism. |
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4.
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The formation of large molecules from small repeating units is known as what
kind of reaction?
a. | oxidation | b. | reduction | c. | condensation | d. | hydrolysis | e. | decarboxylation |
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5.
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Two individuals are members of the same species if they
a. | possess the same number of chromosomes. | b. | breed at the same
time. | c. | are phenotypically indistinguishable. | d. | can mate and produce fertile
offspring. |
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6.
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Allopatric speciation requires
a. | gradual evolutionary changes. | b. | geographic isolation. | c. | polyploidy. | d. | adaptive
radiation. |
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7.
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The primary reason for hybrid sterility is
a. | the inability of the hybrid to attract a mate. | b. | the difficulty in
finding a suitable habitat in which to survive. | c. | that the hybrids are usually weak and have
difficulty surviving to reproductive maturity. | d. | the difficulty in the pairing of homologous
chromosomes. | e. | the inability of the hybrid to develop an appropriate courtship
pattern. |
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8.
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_____ is a simple sugar (monosaccharide).
a. | Glucose | b. | Sucrose | c. | Ribose | d. | Chitin | e. | both a and
c |
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9.
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In daytime, most plants lose _____ and take up _____.
a. | water; carbon dioxide | b. | water; oxygen | c. | oxygen;
water | d. | carbon dioxide; water |
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10.
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_____ are confined to extreme environments, probably much like those that
prevailed on the early Earth.
a. | Cyanobacteria | b. | Eubacteria | c. | Archaeobacteria | d. | Protozoans |
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11.
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All fungi are
a. | unicellular. | b. | multicellular. | c. | autotrophic. | d. | heterotrophic. |
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12.
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Negative feedback
a. | always turns a process off. | b. | reduces an error signal in a regulatory
system. | c. | is not as common as positive feedback in regulatory systems of the
body. | d. | is a feature of ectotherms but not of endotherms. |
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13.
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Which of the following can bacteria use as an energy source?
a. | hydrogen sulfide | b. | nitrites | c. | sunlight | d. | ammonia | e. | all of
these |
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14.
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A reaction of an acid and a base will produce water and
a. | a buffer. | b. | a salt. | c. | gas. | d. | solid precipitate. | e. | solute. |
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15.
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If the hypothalamus is cooled, what happens to the body temperature?
a. | It increases. | b. | It decreases. | c. | There is no effect
on body temperature. |
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16.
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According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in
F1 pea plants?
a. | sex-linked | b. | dominant | c. | recessive | d. | codominant | e. | lethal |
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17.
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At equilibrium, when the neuron is at rest,
a. | the concentration of K+ ions is the same on both sides of the neuronal
plasma membrane. | b. | the concentration of K+ ions is higher inside the cell, but the diffusion
force driving K+ ions out of the cell is balanced by an electrical force keeping
K+ from leaving the cell. | c. | sodium and potassium ion concentrations are the
same on both sides of the plasma membrane. |
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18.
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In the cardiac cycle, when do the atrioventricular valves close?
a. | During systole | b. | During diastole |
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19.
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Aerobic respiration is completed in the _____ .
a. | nucleus | b. | mitochondrion | c. | plasma
membrane | d. | cytoplasm |
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20.
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Sickle-cell anemia first appeared in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
The causative allele entered the U.S. population when people were forcibly brought over from Africa
prior to the Civil War. In microevolutionary terms, this is a case of _____ .
a. | mutation | b. | genetic drift | c. | gene
flow | d. | natural selection |
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21.
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The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is: | I. | glycolysis | | II. | ETP | | III. | Krebs | | |
a. | I → II →
III | b. | II → I →
III | c. | III → I →
II | d. | II → III →
I | e. | I → III →
II |
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22.
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During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to
a. | troponin. | b. | tropomyosin. | c. | actin. | d. | myosin. |
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23.
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In the light-dependent reactions, _____ .
a. | carbon dioxide is fixed | b. | ATP and NADPH form | c. | CO2 accepts
electrons | d. | sugar phosphates form |
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24.
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Amphibians are completely dependent on an aquatic environment for
a. | respiration. | b. | feeding. | c. | reproduction. | d. | respiration and reproduction
only. | e. | respiration, reproduction, and feeding. |
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25.
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Enzymes
a. | are very specific. | b. | act as catalysts. | c. | are organic
molecules. | d. | have special shapes that control their activities. | e. | all of
these |
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26.
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Perpetually young tissues where cells retain the ability to divide are
a. | vascular. | b. | meristematic. | c. | protective. | d. | photosynthetic. | e. | all of
these |
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27.
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Early humans _____ .
a. | became adapted to a wide range of environments | b. | became adapted to a
narrow range of environments | c. | had flexible bones that cracked
easily | d. | were limber enough to swing through the trees |
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28.
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In an evolutionary tree diagram, a branch point represents a _____, and a branch
that ends represents _____ .
a. | single species; incomplete data on lineage | b. | single species;
extinction | c. | time of divergence; extinction | d. | time of divergence; speciation
complete |
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29.
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The depolarization phase of an action potential is due to
a. | the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. | b. | the opening of
voltage-gated calcium channels. | c. | the closing of voltage-gated sodium
channels. | d. | the closing of voltage-gated calcium channels. | e. | none of the
above. |
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30.
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The carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin-Benson cycle is
a. | phosphoglycerate (PGA). | b. | ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP). | c. | phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). | d. | glucose. | e. | oxaloacetate. |
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31.
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Which of the following are the pigments characteristic of the red algae and
cyanobacteria?
a. | chlorophyll a | b. | photons | c. | phycobilins | d. | carotenoids | e. | thylakoids |
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32.
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The nutrition of some plants depends on a root-bacterium association known as a
_____ .
a. | root nodule | b. | mycorrhiza | c. | root hair
| d. | root hypha |
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33.
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In phloem, organic compounds flow through _____ .
a. | collenchyma cells | b. | sieve tubes | c. | vessels | d. | tracheids |
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34.
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The first group to exhibit an amniotic egg belonged to the
a. | Aves. | b. | Amphibia. | c. | Reptilia. | d. | Osteichthyes. | e. | Mammalia. |
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35.
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Directional selection occurs when
a. | the environment controls which organisms will survive. | b. | humans determine
which organisms will survive. | c. | the extremes of the population have a lesser
chance to survive. | d. | the extremes of the population have a better
chance to survive. | e. | the organisms on one extreme of the population
have a better chance to survive than do those on the other extreme. |
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36.
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_____ engage in lactate fermentation.
a. | Lactobacillus cells | b. | Muscle cells | c. | Sulfate-reducing
bacteria | d. | a and b |
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37.
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The pressure in the pleural cavities is always lower than atmospheric
pressure.
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38.
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Sharks, rays, and skates belong to what group?
a. | birds | b. | amphibians | c. | cartilaginous
fish | d. | bony fish | e. | reptiles |
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39.
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Which terms accurately describe the archaebacteria?
a. | extinct, aerobic | b. | extinct, anaerobic | c. | present,
aerobic | d. | present, anaerobic |
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40.
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An RNA molecule is _____.
a. | a double helix | b. | usually single-stranded | c. | always
double-stranded | d. | usually double-stranded |
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41.
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The main photosynthetic area of a leaf is composed of
a. | mesophyll. | b. | cortex. | c. | xylem. | d. | epidermis. | e. | none of
these |
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42.
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Electrons carry (a) ________ charge.
a. | positive | b. | negative | c. | zero |
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43.
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Saprobic fungi derive nutrients from _____ .
a. | nonliving organic matter | b. | living plants | c. | living
animals | d. | both b and c |
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44.
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What is formed when an atom loses or gains an electron?
a. | mole | b. | ion | c. | molecule | d. | bond | e. | reaction |
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45.
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In the bonding of nitrogenous bases
a. | adenine is paired with cytosine. | b. | adenine is paired with
guanine. | c. | cytosine is paired with thymine. | d. | guanine is paired with
cytosine. |
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46.
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The endosperm is
a. | diploid. | b. | tetraploid. | c. | polyploid. | d. | triploid. | e. | haploid. |
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47.
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In spongy bone tissue the spaces are filled with
a. | air. | b. | blood. | c. | cartilage. | d. | marrow. | e. | lymph. |
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48.
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Water droplets form on the outside of a cold soda can because
a. | the can "sweats" water. | b. | static electricity attracts water to the
can. | c. | sonic vibrations shake the water from the inside of the can to the
outside. | d. | None of the above. |
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49.
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Amoebas, foraminiferans, and radiolarians are _____ .
a. | protozoans | b. | ciliates | c. | algae | d. | sporozoans |
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50.
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Seeds are mature _____; fruits are mature _____ .
a. | ovaries; ovules | b. | ovules; stamens | c. | ovules;
ovaries | d. | stamens; ovaries |
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51.
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In most true fungi the individual cellular filaments of the body are
called
a. | mycelia. | b. | hyphae. | c. | mycorrhizae. | d. | asci. | e. | gills. |
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52.
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Most animals that are more complex than cnidarians have _____ symmetry,
and _____ forms in their embryos.
a. | radial; mesoderm | b. | bilateral; endoderm | c. | bilateral;
mesoderm | d. | radial; endoderm |
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53.
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Natural selection may occur when there are _____ .
a. | differences in the adaptiveness of forms of traits to prevailing environmental
conditions | b. | differences in survival and reproduction among individuals that differ in one or more
traits | c. | both a and b |
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54.
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Thylakoid disks are
a. | stacked | b. | separate compartments. | c. | also called the
stroma. | d. | participants in the light-independent reactions. | e. | none of
these |
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55.
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Endospores
a. | are resistant bodies. | b. | enable some bacteria to survive for long
periods of time. | c. | may contain concentrated poisons. | d. | all of these |
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56.
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The early hominid fossils are found in
a. | Africa. | b. | Asia. | c. | Australia. | d. | the South Pacific. | e. | Europe. |
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57.
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Ovulation occurs at which day of the ovarian cycle?
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58.
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The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from
a. | carbon dioxide. | b. | glucose. | c. | ribulose
bisphosphate. | d. | water. | e. | atmospheric
oxygen. |
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59.
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Which of the following classes is represented only by fossil forms?
a. | Agnatha | b. | Amphibia | c. | Aves | d. | Placodermi | e. | Chondrichthyes |
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60.
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The increased complexity among the different divisions of land plants is
paralleled by increased complexity of which of the following?
a. | male gamete | b. | female gamete | c. | gametophyte | d. | sporophyte | e. | all of
these |
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61.
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Saprobes are
a. | cytoplasmic organelles. | b. | metabolic by-products. | c. | organisms that feed
on dead material. | d. | parasites of plants. | e. | an evolutionary dead
end. |
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62.
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In the life cycle of primitive plants, which of the following
predominates?
a. | haploid stage | b. | diploid stage | c. | large sporophyte
body | d. | both diploid stage and large sporophyte body | e. | both haploid stage
and large sporophyte body |
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63.
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At night, most plants conserve _____, and _____ accumulates.
a. | carbon dioxide; oxygen | b. | water; oxygen | c. | oxygen;
water | d. | water; carbon dioxide |
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64.
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_____ have a coelom and pronounced segmentation, and a dizzying variety of
modifications to the segments.
a. | arthropods | b. | annelids | c. | sponges | d. | snails and clams | e. | sea
stars |
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65.
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_____ conducts water and ions; _____ conducts food.
a. | Phloem; xylem | b. | Cambium; phloem | c. | Xylem;
phloem | d. | Xylem; cambium |
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66.
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Isolating mechanisms that take effect before or during fertilization are
termed
a. | hybridizing. | b. | prezygotic. | c. | genetically
divergent. | d. | postzygotic. | e. | persistent. |
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67.
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If two genes are almost always found in the same gamete, they are
a. | located close together on the same chromosome. | b. | located on
nonhomologous chromosomes. | c. | located far apart on the same
chromosome. | d. | found on the sex chromosome. |
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68.
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Light of _____ is the strongest stimulus for phototropism.
a. | red wavelengths | b. | far-red wavelengths | c. | green
wavelengths | d. | blue wavelengths |
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69.
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The basic functional unit of the mammalian kidney filters the blood and actively
secretes and resorbs specific solute molecules. What is the name of this unit?
a. | Loop of Henle | b. | Medulla | c. | Cortex | d. | Nephron | e. | Bowman's
capsule |
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70.
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Only _____ have a notochord, a tubular dorsal nerve cord, a pharynx with slits
in the walls, and a tail extending past the anus.
a. | echinoderms | b. | tunicates and lancelets | c. | vertebrates | d. | both b and c | e. | all of the
above |
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71.
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A water environment provides more of all but which one of the following than
does air?
a. | support | b. | buoyancy | c. | constancy of
temperature | d. | oxygen | e. | resistance to
movement |
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72.
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A gamete affected by nondisjuction would have _____ .
a. | a change from the normal chromosome number | b. | one extra or one
missing chromosome | c. | the potential for a genetic
disorder | d. | all of the above |
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73.
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Gymnosperms
a. | were the first plants not to have swimming sperm and were therefore freed from the
need for water to reproduce. | b. | are divided into two groups, the monocots and
dicots. | c. | were the first plants to develop vascular tissues. | d. | were the first
plants to develop flowers to attract insects. |
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74.
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Amniote eggs form during the life cycle of most _____ .
a. | reptiles | b. | birds | c. | mammals | d. | all of the
above |
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75.
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Members of the same species would be expected to
a. | look alike. | b. | be reproductively isolated from one
another. | c. | share the same gene pool. | d. | have the same phenotype. | e. | resist
evolution. |
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76.
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A mantle is found only among the
a. | arthropods. | b. | annelids. | c. | echinoderms. | d. | mollusks. | e. | chordates. |
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77.
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Bacteria reproduce by _____ .
a. | mitosis | b. | meiosis | c. | prokaryotic
fission | d. | longitudinal fission |
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78.
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The most successful forms of life that have ever evolved are the
a. | vertebrates. | b. | insects. | c. | humans. | d. | protozoans. | e. | mollusks |
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79.
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The acquisition of a key evolutionary innovation by a species gives evidence for
the concept of
a. | uniformitarianism. | b. | gradualism. | c. | convergence. | d. | adaptive radiation. | e. | special
creation. |
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80.
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Four of the five answers listed below are portions of a well-known theory.
Select the exception.
a. | Cells are the structural and functional components of living
things. | b. | Cells arise from preexisting cells. | c. | All organisms are composed of
cells. | d. | Cells are the basic living unit or organization of living things. | e. | All cells have a
nucleus. |
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81.
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Gill slits function in _____ .
a. | respiration | b. | circulation | c. | food
trapping | d. | water regulation | e. | both a and c |
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82.
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The only chordate feature still present in the human adult is
a. | pharyngeal gill slits. | b. | nerve cord. | c. | notochord. | d. | tail. | e. | all of
these |
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83.
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If your body is too cold, it will
a. | start sweating. | b. | dilate blood vessels in the
skin. | c. | cause muscles to shiver. | d. | increase its breathing
rate. | e. | cause none of the above effects. |
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84.
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The most common form of sugar transported to the roots is
a. | glucose. | b. | fructose. | c. | sucrose. | d. | ribose. | e. | starch. |
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85.
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Hereditary instructions must
a. | be unchanging most of the time. | b. | pass from one generation to the
next. | c. | control a large number of different characteristics. | d. | provide for the rare
change in instructions. | e. | all of these |
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86.
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Sensroy axons enter the spinal cord through
a. | the dorsal roots. | b. | the ventral roots. | c. | the
pons. | d. | the sympathetic ganglia. |
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87.
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Allosteric inhibition is generally a result of
a. | excess substrates. | b. | binding regulatory molecules at another
site. | c. | a change in the temperature of the system. | d. | a lack of
coenzymes. | e. | pH inhibition. |
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88.
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A speciation pattern which exhibits branching of populations is termed
a. | allopatric. | b. | anagenesis. | c. | nondivergent. | d. | hybridizing. | e. | cladogenesis. |
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89.
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Which of the following is the region that is the binding site for RNA
polymerase?
a. | heterogeneous nuclear DNA | b. | repressor gene | c. | promoter
sequence | d. | operator sequence | e. | all of these |
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90.
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In simple diffusion
a. | the rate of movement of molecules is controlled by temperature and
pressure. | b. | the movement of individual molecules is random. | c. | the movement of
molecules of one substance is independent of the movement of any other substance. | d. | the net movement is
away from the region of highest concentration. | e. | all of these |
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